Tugas Bahasa Inggris Bisnis

History of the English language

History of the English language originated from the birth of English in the British island approximately 1,500 years ago. English is a West Germanic language derived from dialects of the Anglo-Frisian islands brought to Britain by Germanic immigrants from several parts of the northwest area is now called the Netherlands and Germany. Initially, Old English was a group of dialects, reflecting the diverse origins of kingdoms in Anglo-Saxon England. One of these dialects, Late West Saxon, eventually came to dominate. Then the Old English original and then influenced by two waves of invasion.

The first wave of invasion is an invasion of the speakers of the language of the Scandinavian branch of the German family. They conquered and occupied some parts of Britain in the nineteenth century to the 8th and 9th.

Then this second invasion wave of interest is the Norman in the 11th century that spoke a dialect of French. This second invasion resulted in the English language "mixed" to some degree (though he never became a mixed language literally).

Live together with members of the Scandinavian nationalities simplification ultimately create the core grammar and enrichment of the Anglo-British English.
Ancient English language (English Proto)

Germanic tribes, ethnic groups who pioneered the English language (Anglia tribes, Saxons, Frisians, Jutes and perhaps even the Franks), traded with and fought with the people who tells the Roman Empire in the process of the Latin invasion of the Germanic Europe from the east. With that many Latin words entering the vocabulary of Germanic peoples before they reach the island of Britain. Examples included the camp (camp), cheese (cheese), cook (cook), dragon (dragon), fork (porok, fork), giant (giant), gem (gem), inch (inches), kettle (kettle) , kitchen (kitchen), linen (linen), mile (miles), mill (windmill), noon (lunch), oil (grease, oil), pillow (cushion), pin (a nail), pounds (lb), soap (soap), street (street), table (table), wall (wall), and wine (wine). The Romans also gave the English some of their own words borrowed from other languages such as the words: anchor (anchors), butter (butter), cat (cat), chest (chest), devil (demon), dish (dish , food), and the sack (pocket).

According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, around the year 449, Vortigern, King of the British Isles, invited the "Angle kin" (Tribe Anglia led by Hengest and Horsa) to help in the mediation of conflicts by Pict tribes. In return, the Angles were granted lands in the southeast of England. Then further help is needed and in response "came men of Ald Seaxum from Anglum of Iotum" (Saxons, Angles tribe, and tribal Jutes). The Chronicle talked about the entry of many immigrants or settlers who eventually established seven kingdoms, known by the term heptarchy. Modern scholarship considers most of this story is a legend and has a political motive. And the identification of migrants in the UK with the Angle tribes, Saxons, and Jutes no longer acceptable today (Myres, 1986, p. 46 ff.), Especially after accepted that the Anglo-Saxon language is more similar to the Frisian language than one language the nationalities mentioned above this.

Old English
The settlers who invaded the island of Britain to dominate the local population who tells a Celtic language. Celtic languages could eventually sustainable in Scotland, Wales and Cornwall. The dialects spoken by the settlers who invaded Britain in the era now called Old English, and eventually the Anglo-Saxon language. Later today, the language was influenced by the North Germanic language; Norse, the language spoken by the Vikings who invaded and eventually settled in north-east of England (see Jorvik). The settlers who earlier settlers spoke Germanic languages from different branches. Many of the roots of their vocabulary are the same or similar, although their grammars were more distinct, including the prefix (prefix), suffix (suffix), and the law of inflection (takrifan) of many words. Germanic language of the British people which is the Old English language, influenced in contact with the people of Norway who invaded Britain. This is most likely the reason than the morphological simplification Old English, including the loss of noun gender and case (except pronominal). Famous literary works surviving from the Old English period is a fragment of the epic poem "Beowulf". The author is unknown, and this work has been modified greatly by the Christian clergy, long after the composition.




Then the introduction of Christianity in Britain added a new wave that carries many loan words from Latin and Greek.

In addition to arguing that there is influence in Norwegian lasted until the early Middle Ages.

Old English period formally ended with the Norman Conquest, when English has become drastically influenced the Norman language is the language called Norman and is a dialect of French.

The use of Anglo-Saxon to describe a merging of languages and cultures Anglian and Saxon is a modern development. According to Lois Fundis, (Stumpers-L, Friday, December 14, 2001)

* "The first citation for the second definition of 'Anglo-Saxon', referring to early Bahasa language or a certain dialect thereof, comes during the reign of Elizabeth I, from the Historian named Camden, who seems to be the person most responsible for the term becoming well-known in modern times. "

* "The first quotation for the second definition of 'Anglo-Saxon', referring to early English language or specific dialect of this language, emerged during the reign of Elizabeth I, from a historian named Camden, which seems to be the most responsible person to become famous as the term to modern times. "
Middle English

Over 300 years after the Norman invasion of Britain in 1066, Norman kings and the nobility only tells the Norman dialect of French language course called by the name of Anglo-Norman. Meanwhile the English language as the language of the people continues. While the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle written fixed until the year 1154, most of the other literary works from this period is written in Old French or Latin.

A large number of Norman words borrowed in the Old English language and make a lot of synonyms (for example taken ox / beef (cow), sheep / mutton (goat), etc.). This Norman influence to strengthen sustainability changes the English language in later centuries and resulted in a language that is now referred to as Middle English. One change is the increased use of a unique aspect of English grammar is referred to as continuous tense with the affix or suffix-ing.

English spelling is also influenced by the French language in this period. The sounds / θ / and / ð / is now spelled th rather than with the Old English letters þ and ð, which does not exist in French.

During the 15th century, Middle English changed any further. This change is referred to as The Great Vowel Shift ( "Great Vocal Shift"), and begins with the spread of the London dialect of English that began to be used by the government and the emergence of print books. Modern English language itself can be said appeared at the time of William Shakespeare. Writers of this Middle English period is Geoffrey Chaucer, famous for his work The Canterbury Tales.

Many contemporary sources claim that over a period of fifty years after the Norman invasion, most of the Norman outside the palace and told to change the language English. French language at that time remains the official language of government and legislation outside the prestigious social dynamics. For example, Orderic Vitalis, a historian who was born in 1075 and a young Norman knight, said that he only learned French as a second language.

English literature began to appear again in about 1200 AD when the political climate and the fall of the Anglo-Norman language makes it more acceptable. At the end of the century, even the kingdom has changed the English language tells us. Meanwhile, Anglo-Norman language still used in certain circles until a little while, but eventually this language is also not a living language again.

Early Modern English

Starting from the 15th century, English became Modern English language, which often begins with ditarikh Great Vowel Shift ( "Great Sound Shift").

After that started a lot of English words taken from the collection of foreign languages, especially Latin and Greek since the Renaissance. Because many words borrowed from the language different, and English spelling can be said is inconsistent, then the risk of pelafazan words high enough. But the remnants of the forms of a more ancient still exist in some regional dialects, especially in dialects in the West Country.

In 1755 Samuel Johnson published a critical dictionary of English first, entitled Dictionary of the Home Language.